Essay Examples on Realism Essay Example

Essay Examples on Realism Paper 1st Essay Sample on Realism In the 1800s the definition ofideal life came into question. The industrial revolutions lead to an enormous amount of poverty and crime. Auguste Comtes philosophy of positivism became known it was about studying the betterment of human and sociality that is the highest form of science. Charles Darwin reinforced this with hisOrigin of the species, stating all forms of life developed gradually from a common force of ancestry and evolution. Evolution explained by survival of the fittest. Realism, originating in France, came into play to depict reality and the happenings proved by one of the five scenes. Theatre started to take its course. Playwrights were challenged to wright portraying life and as they truthfully observed it. They wrote about contempory society and using theatre as a mirror to society. Playwrights had to develop structure. They went back to a dramatic structure, perfected by Eugene Scribe, calledthe well-made play. This formula had a clear exposition of situation, careful preparation for future events, unexpected but logical reversals, continuous mounting suspense and an obligatory scene. Realism started to spread all through Europe. In France the most important realist was Alexandrà ¨ Du Mos, who wrote and dramatisedLadies of the Camellias and later wrote even more realistic plays. In Norway, Hendrik Ibsen, father of realism, started writing. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Realism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Realism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Realism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer His famous works includePillars of Society,A Dolls house andGhosts. All of them dealing with terrible and very direct aspects of life, like syphilis and mental illnesses. He motivated all exposition; all scenes are casually related leading logically to the denouement. Dialogue, settings, costumes and stage business are selected to reveal character and setting. 2nd Essay Sample on Realism The term realism is the actualization of life. It is life interpreted exactly as it is seen. Every detail is intact and nothing distorted or swayed one way or another by society. Realists do not necessarily interact with society because they refuse to be influenced by it. They perceive things only as they see it and do not consider the opinions of others in their decisions. One might make the argument that realists are stubborn. This may be true, but they merely look at it as being able to form their own opinions. The main problem with realism is that realist artists can only be considered realist by themselves, because realism is not influenced by the opinions of others. It is an individual belief that can only be expressed by an individual. Realist is interpreted differently by everyone and there is no specific reaction that can result from it. In the article Death on the front page, Martha Sandweiss writes about the very beginning of war photography. Matthew Brady published several pictures in the New York Times in 1862 from Antietam during the Civil War. The photos had a tremendous impact on society, because for thefirst time ever, people could view the horrific faces of war and the casualties that resulted from it. The media preferred more patriotic images of war, rather than images of corpses with their heads blown off. These images left a tremendous impact on society and for thefirst time ever, people could clearly see the meaning of the term war is hell. The author portrays Brady as a revolutionary. He made the tragedy and horror of war more realistic and apparent to the world, because for thefirst time ever people could see the results of combat rather than believing what they are told. Many people, who have experienced war, had painful memories brought back to them when they viewed Bradys photos.

Reaction Paper essays

Reaction Paper essays In her article, author Nada Elia describes what she refers to as the privileging of Arab-American women, at the same time that their male relatives are being subjected to an increasingly hostile environment. She criticizes the governments of both the United States and Israel as oppressors of Arabs and Arab-Americans. She discusses the fact Arab-American women are not seen as the same type of threat as Arab-American males, but as victims of their religion. She blames American culture at large, but also Western feminism, which she feels is very exploitative of non-mainstream American culture. She believes that the othering of Arab-Americans has occurred since the beginning of the country. She attributes some of this to the unsuccessful claims of separation of church and state, the fact that Christianity (especially Christian fundamentalism) has had a major impact on American political thought, and what she considers Americas Zionist worldview. She believes that Americans have tra ditionally shown the least tolerance in the areas of religion. She believes that Americans view the clash between Christianity and Islam is the most significant clash in modern society. She believes that Arabs are overtly discriminated against because they are not present in political discourse, recognized as a minority group, or represented in American popular culture. Moreover, when Americans are featured in popular culture, they are frequently villianized. She discusses the facts that since 9-11, Arab-Americans are portrayed as being hostile to democracy, subjected to racial profiling, and disappeared. She believes that the Bush Administration has no desire to improve womens position in the world or in the United States, and says that doing so would actually be at odds with Bushs Christian fundamentalist ideology. She also believes that Americans have failed to address racism and religious intolerance as major so...

Leadership and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Leadership and change - Essay Example This helps in improving morale and performance in organisations. Major factors that contribute to employees leaving an organisation includes; the management’s lack of interest in the employee’s needs, employing autocratic leadership, not involving the employee’s in the organisation’s decision-making process, lack of recognizing employee’s skills and providing employee’s with autonomy in the work environment(Oshagbemi 2008, p.1902). While it is important for the management of an organisation to take charge in terms of leading their subordinates, showing good leadership is vital in retaining skilled and experienced workforce. Further, employee turnover rate is a pertinent issue in organisations, and it is important to look at the factors that promote low employee turnover. In this regard, the leadership behaviour adopted in organisations is one of the key factors that influence employee turnover rate in organisations. In addition, while there i s different leadership behaviours that the management of an organisation can utilize, a leadership behaviour that fosters democracy in the work environment is ideal in retaining skilled and experienced employees. In essence, changing organisational situation in regard to high employee turnover requires a participative or democratic leadership behaviour. This type of leadership places value on teamwork; however, the responsibility of the final decision-making rests with the leader of the team. This leadership is important in organisation with vibrant workforce in the sense that, it helps to improve employee’s morale. In addition, this leadership behaviour is ideal in times of change management process (Sorensen & Holman 2014, p.72). In relying on theoretical concepts and practice, this paper explores how a participative leadership behaviour can help to change high employee turnover. Concerning participative

Letter and Memo paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Letter and Memo paper - Assignment Example I, as well as I am sure many other readers like me, would agree with the fact that the socio – economic spectrum has been blown out of proportion just because of the steep competition to help get into one of the top educational institutions. It is rather shocking to find that the affluent are still faced with a persistent and pervasive anxiety, while the middle – class are underrepresented and the poor have absolutely no access to the best educational opportunities. According to me, the most interesting part of the article was about the â€Å"amicus briefs submitted to the Supreme Court in the landmark affirmative case concerning the University of Michigan — to give an edge in admissions to disadvantaged students, regardless of race.† But equally interesting and I must say rather shocking was to read the article further and find that former president of Princeton, William Bowen and his associates found through studies carried out in 19 different colleges, that this was totally untrue because applicants from different disadvantaged backgrounds got â€Å"essentially no break in the admissions process.† On behalf of all the other readers of the New York Times, I take this as an opportunity to express my views about this social scar on society and offer a few useful suggestions. Though I do like the idea of a lottery system when names of those who have achieved a high standard on the academic front are randomly selected for admission, yet I feel that an entrance exam where all are treated equally based solely on merit would be a good idea. Those who do their best must be given a seat irrespective of the background or status they belong to. Another suggestion I like to make in this regard is that it would be good if the top colleges set aside at least 5% of their seats and grant admission to students who specifically come from not very affluent backgrounds but who are really deserving. Once again, on

Corporate Power Global Trend to the Fashion Industry in Ethiopia Assignment

Corporate Power Global Trend to the Fashion Industry in Ethiopia - Assignment Example The fashion industry in Ethiopia is growing since it has received significant amounts of corporate investments. The investors, suppliers, and large corporations have been entering the country to take advantage of low costs of productions in terms of land and labor. The large tracts of land are also fertile for the growth of cotton. The stable government encourages investments. Additionally, Ethiopia has a young population that is trainable. However, the textile industry faces some drawbacks such as transport logistics, corporate scandals, and misuse of land and labor laws. The corporate power would continue to influence the fashion industry positively in Ethiopia if companies continued to take advantage of the country’s favorable factors and co-operated to eliminate drawbacks. The textile industry in Ethiopia has come from far and has a potential of soaring to greater heights if the current corporate investments persist. Ethiopia is in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region that experiences a nascent growth in the textile industry compared to the Northern parts of Africa. According to Fassil Tadesse, Kebire Enterprises Chief Executive Officer, Ethiopia textile tradition can be traced back a long way but its development had begun taking roots just a few years ago. A critical analysis shows that Ethiopian textile industry forms part of a wider pattern of the global trade movement. It moved to Japan after beginning in the United States. It advanced to South Korea before crawling to China (Mousavi). The soaring cost of conducting business in China over the last few years has made investors shift to Africa due to low costs in the region. Speaking to the Economist Intelligence Unit, Fossil said fashion development emanates mainly from Turkey, India, China, South Korea, an d Bangladesh.  

Importance Of Supply Chain Management To Organization Management Essay

Importance Of Supply Chain Management To Organization Management Essay Efficient supply chain management is the essential to being able to satisfy market demand and to do so in a way is profitable (Hugos, 2006). Supply chain management of the organization that enables them to deliver the best value to their consumers will generate a strong demand for the organization product or services. When information is shared in between supply chain networks, it can result a more efficient flow of goods and services (Anand Mendelson, 1997), reduced inventory level, and lower costs (Yu, Yan Cheng, 2001), which benefits the overall network. Hence, the organization can do mass manufacturing and mass customization that will offer competitive advantages given that the product life cycle if the product is improve because the organization will offer variety of product to different market segment and consumers preference. For example, Dell became the largest producer for personal computer in the world after they implemented the supply chain management to change their strategy by adopting a direct sales strategy, building every personal computer to order and shipping it directly to the customer (Klinker, Terrell Mahfouz, 2006). 2.2. Supply management 2.2.1. Communication, Trust commitment According to Towill, (1996) decision makers need to depend the overall of the process so they can manage the supply chain as one single company, to minimum uncertainty updated feed forward and feedback information flow coupled with optimal decision making. Hence, organization that trusted the supplier willing to communicate and allow information free flow among them to ease their businesses. Communicate with other organization within the supply chain management that controls their critical resources allow them to compete effectively in their environment (as cited in Samaddar, Nargundkar Daley, 2006). Moreover, supply chain management built on a foundation of trust and commitment among the supply chain members (Lee Billington, 1992). Commitment of partnership in the supply chain management will dedicated their resources to achieve the goal of the supply chain and their performance (Chen Paulraj, 2004). Organization is more and more rely on their trusted supplier to improve the product quality, produce the product faster and reduce the product price so they can compete with their competitors (Liker Choi, 2006). For example, Dell developed a strong relationship with both suppliers and the customers allow it to ensure those computer components are available from supplier to meet customer demand (Taylor, 2005). 2.2.2. Long-term relationships Supplier will become part of the supply chain and have a long relationship on the competiveness of the process of the supply chain with a good supply chain management (Choi Hartley, 1996) .Moreover, information sharing is an important aspect on incorporation and joint inter-organizational relationship (Huang, Lau Mak, 2003).Long-term relationship will create opportunity to capture the synergy of intra and intercompany integration and management (Lambert et al., 1997) Limitation of information in the supply chain will lead to Bullwhip effect such as unnecessary inventory investment, poor customer services, wrong capacity allocation, reduce revenue and missed production (Lee, Padmanabhan, Whang, 1997). Plan along the supply chain and coordinating information can control Bullwhip effect and improve their supply chain relationship and performance (Lee et al. 1997). According to P.Fiala, (2004) information exchange is a very important issue for coordinating actions. If member of the supply chain have free flow information it can reduced their lead time of information such as orders, demand and capacity forecast, point-of-sale data for the whole supply chain. (Lee, So Tang, 2000) find that the benefits of sales information sharing and identified the drivers that have significant impacts. Organization that have long term relationship from the supplier will obtains larger inventory or cost reduction when the demand is highly associated if the lead time is long. Eventually customer will receive a higher quality, cost-effective product in a shorter amount of time. For example, Chrysler Corporation cut their supplier base in half and brought the remaining supplier in on the design of a new generation cars and develop long term relationship based on trust. The long term relationship has helped the organization increase in profit (Braun, Guthrie, McCampbell, Sit). 2.3 Reduce cost Supply chain management system can influence the organization cost for administrative personnel and information purpose to plan and control the flow of inventory (Jonsson, 2008). So the efficiency of supply chain management can reduce the organization inventory and stock cost (Steckel, Gupta Banerji, 2004). The efficiency of the supply chain management allows the organization having the right good at the right time in a right place (Ketchen Hult, 2007). Therefore, organization can deliver their product according to agreement so it can reduce the shortage cost, delay cost arise when late delivery occur to compensate the customers. Besides, organization does not need to hold inventory can reduce their cost of storing their inventory at their warehouse. Without using warehouse organization can save the transportation cost from the warehouse to the organization. Moreover, the cost reduction of the production organization can create customer value by reducing the price of the end users product (Ketchen et al., 2007). For example, Apple Computer is making lose in 1997; Steve Jobs do some changes in the supply chain management has saved the organization by reducing the cost of inventory (Taylor, 2005) 4. Challenges of Supply Chain Management 4.1 Planning Appropriated plan of the supply chain management can get advantages, improperly handled will lead to tragic (Taylor, 2005). Accurate planning is important but planning error will lead to dramatically change in plans (Stadtler, 2004). For example, Kmart Corporation have planning error that the organization crippling its ability it match the price offered by Wal-Mart, the worse is when the organization able to lure back the customer but the supply chain not able to deliver to them in time. Due to the wrong forecast and planning Kmart is now bankrupt (Konicki, 2002). 4.3 Supplier attention Supply chain challenges include lack of supplier attention. While lack of supplier attention will cause late placed orders due to conflicting objectives and goal. Potential issues of vendors, late delivered and wrong delivered allow the project teams potential risks. Early obtaining material will minimize risk such as additional cost. Internal procurement issues also subject to supply chain management (Henrie, 2006). Due to this problem, company cannot managing well as when the material arrive, when the material should be purchase, and how many quantities should be purchase and when the material should be delivered. For example, NASA Company had experience this problem because the project will face shrinkage costs, breakage and additional cost for warehouse (Galluzzi, Zapata, Steele Weck). 4.4 Customer value Customers always change the value perception toward a product, so the organizations will response to the change or predict the change (Flint, 2004). Therefore, organization need to response toward the challenge by doing research on how the value perception of the customer change and improve their prediction and planning process. Competitive advantage can be gain if organization can predict their customer perception of the end user product (Slater, 1997).

The Maturation of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays Bronte

The overriding theme of Jane Eyre, is Jane's continual quest for love. Jane searches for love and acceptance through the five settings in which she lives: Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean. Through these viewpoints, the maturation and self-recognition of Jane becomes evident, as well as traceable. It is not until Jane flees from Rochester and Thornfield, and spends time at Moor House, that her maturation to womanhood is complete. At this point, Jane is able to finally return to Rochester as an independent woman, fully aware of her desire to love, as well as to be loved. From the onset of the novel, we see the world through the eyes of Jane; a strong character who wishes to overcome her birth rite as an orphan in Victorian times. From this viewpoint, we are able to trace how Jane progresses in her struggle for individuality, as well as for love. At Gateshead, it becomes apparent that Jane is terrifically self-willed and possessive of a fiery temper. An example of this is when Jane stands up to her aunt saying, "You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness, but I cannot live so: and you have no pity" (Bronte, 68). Here, Jane makes her first declaration of independence, contending that she will no longer be a secondary member in the Reed household. At Lowood, Jane is repulsed by Mr. Blocklehurst and his "two-faced" character and coarseness. However, while at Lowood, Jane finds her first true friend in the form of Helen Burns, another student at the school. Helen teaches Jane of love in the form of religion. By means of instruction as well as by example, Helen is able to convey this message. When Jane is punished in front of the whole school, she tries to accept it as though it has some higher purpose. However, Jane still desires human affection and is deeply hurt when she is scorned. Jane goes as far as to say, "If others don't love me, I would rather die than live." Helen's response, "You think too much of the love of human beings," is a testament to her devout faith (Bronte, 101). When Helen is dying of Typhus later on in the story, she reminds Jane, "I believe: I have faith: I am going to God" (Bronte, 113). Jane is able to draw strength from Helen's faith, ultimately making her (Jane) stronger.

Website report

However, the sample code provided In the lecture notes is in C. Therefore, this mall task is divided into the following sub-tasks: Port the SSP code to Java Implement missing timer related classes and functions The following sections will cover these three sub-tasks. Porting the code Minor changes were made in order to change the syntax of the code to Java. As see_nor was not specified in the given files, it was replaced with into type. In the original code, to declare a frame named s, it used the following syntax:However, to create a frame object in Java, the code was modified accordingly. The same change was made to the following code: The resulting code was shown below. The out_buff and event were not declared here because they were pre-set in the given code. In order to make the piece of code below work, credits were added as parameter. As a result, it was changed to NOR_BUFFS was the maximum buffer size (window size) that could be held to avoid redundant retransmission. Therefor e, It was put In as credit to Initialize the network layer with the same number of buffers. Implementation of classes and functionsTwo timer related classes were Implemented for different timer purposes. D Peacetimes Peacetimes was to monitor and time how long had passed since a packet was transmitted. Cacciatore Cacciatore was to monitor the expiration of an acknowledgement timer. Both of them extended from the Timer Task class and overrode the run method to generate cacciatore_event. On the other hand, five functions were implemented to complete the protocol. Private void start_timer(into see) The start_timer started a timer function for each packet transmitted. If a packet timer already existed, it was cancelled.When the timer of a packet had expired (time_out), that packet would be required to resend. Private void stop_timer(see) The stop_timer was to cancel the timer of a packet when it was called. Private void start_jack_timer() The start_jack_timer was to set a timer for an a cknowledgement. This was to ensure that the sender could receive an acknowledgement within a reasonable time constraint. Originally, an acknowledgement should take advantage of piggybacking to travel to the sender. However, when there was no outgoing packet back to the sender, retransmission might take place. This caused redundant retransmission.Therefore, his timer was created. If it timed out, a separate acknowledgement would be sent to the sender to indicate the packet was received successfully. If there was already an acknowledgement timer, the current timer would be cancelled. Private void stop_jack_timer() The stop_jack_timer was to stop the acknowledgement timer if there already existed one. However, in order to get the timers work, two files were imported. Inc(mum) This Inc function simply incremented the input parameter's value by 1 . As there implemented as (mum + 1) % (MAX_SEE + 1). This would ensure that the number would increment in a circular manner.

Comments on The Echoing Green by William Blake essays

Comments on The Echoing Green by William Blake essays The Echoing Green which is written by William Blake is taken from SONGS OF INNOCENCE. It is a beautiful poem bringing forth the reality of life. Time goes on and youth grows old. All the events are repeated over and over again. It is the lifes circulation. .The knowledge coming from information In this poem, Blake has created an idealistic society. The children are free to play from dusk to dawn in the secure surroundings of the village green watched over by their mothers and the old folk. There are three stanzas here. It contains 30lines, every two of which rhymes. In the first stanza, the writer describes a beautiful and merry scenery about childrens play. When the sun dose arise, which means it is the start of a day, the sky is happy which uses personification to create a lively and easy atmosphere. Spring here means the start of a year and all the natural beings in this season are new and fresh. Welcome shows the happy mood of people. Then, the writer presents active skylark thrush to show readers a vivid picture of joyful nature. In the second stanza, from the description of the old people and their words, readers can realize that the memory of their youth is sweet and the youth is so pure and naive. White hair shows the old age of that man. Dose laugh away care tells readers how enviable the youngsters are. When we all girls and boys In our youth-time were seenthe time of youth is the golden time of ones whole life which is worthy memorizing. In the last stanza, the writer gives us a picture of the end of a day which creates a circul ation in the content. The sun does descend is the symbol of the end of that circulation, echoing with the the sun dose arise in the first stanza. Like birds in their nest presents a lively vision ...

Free Essays on Libra

Libra â€Å"He was just riding to ride.†(3) In Don DeLillo’s Libra a story is told. A story of chance. A story of one-man whose life is like the train that’s he is on. He rides just to ride. Lee Harvey Oswald, the man who shoot and killed John F. Kennedy. DeLillo has created a fictitious story out of the events related to the assignation of John F. Kennedy. DeLillo creates an elaborate charter out of Lee Harvey Oswald in order to show a â€Å"truer† Oswald, not just a picture of a killer. Oswald’s life was one of uncertainty and indecision. He had no direction from within himself; he believed that a higher force was controlling his life. Was it an outside force that directed the story of his life, or just pure chance? Chance is a powerful thing and I believe that it played a huge part in Oswald’s life. Chance was the train and he was just riding to ride. Throughout the novel DeLillo tries to put us into the mind of Oswald. In the passage that starts on page 333 we see clearly through Oswald’s perspective, and what some would consider schizophrenia. DiLillo uses decontextualization to show how Oswald’s reality is based on chance. In one scene we see Oswald sitting on the floor of the Pain house with his Russian wife Marina watching Television. Oswald reminisces on all the major events that happened to him in the past and discovers that they all happened in October and November. His birthday, his enrolment in the Marines, his arrival in Russia, his attempted assignation on General Walker, among other things are all related through these two months. To Oswald this just couldn’t be chance. It has to have a deeper meaning. Another example is how Oswald ties his reality into John f. Kennedy’s life. â€Å"Brothers named Robert.†(371) This really meant something to Oswald; their brothers had the same name. He had a relation to the presiden! t. They had something in common, even though it is something so small and trivial, it ... Free Essays on Libra Free Essays on Libra Libra â€Å"He was just riding to ride.†(3) In Don DeLillo’s Libra a story is told. A story of chance. A story of one-man whose life is like the train that’s he is on. He rides just to ride. Lee Harvey Oswald, the man who shoot and killed John F. Kennedy. DeLillo has created a fictitious story out of the events related to the assignation of John F. Kennedy. DeLillo creates an elaborate charter out of Lee Harvey Oswald in order to show a â€Å"truer† Oswald, not just a picture of a killer. Oswald’s life was one of uncertainty and indecision. He had no direction from within himself; he believed that a higher force was controlling his life. Was it an outside force that directed the story of his life, or just pure chance? Chance is a powerful thing and I believe that it played a huge part in Oswald’s life. Chance was the train and he was just riding to ride. Throughout the novel DeLillo tries to put us into the mind of Oswald. In the passage that starts on page 333 we see clearly through Oswald’s perspective, and what some would consider schizophrenia. DiLillo uses decontextualization to show how Oswald’s reality is based on chance. In one scene we see Oswald sitting on the floor of the Pain house with his Russian wife Marina watching Television. Oswald reminisces on all the major events that happened to him in the past and discovers that they all happened in October and November. His birthday, his enrolment in the Marines, his arrival in Russia, his attempted assignation on General Walker, among other things are all related through these two months. To Oswald this just couldn’t be chance. It has to have a deeper meaning. Another example is how Oswald ties his reality into John f. Kennedy’s life. â€Å"Brothers named Robert.†(371) This really meant something to Oswald; their brothers had the same name. He had a relation to the presiden! t. They had something in common, even though it is something so small and trivial, it ...

Should Animals Have Their Own Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Should Animals Have Their Own Rights - Essay Example The author of the reprot talks about Alan Holland’s review of animal rights which depicts depth and richness, making it a helpful tool in solving disputes and practical problems. This report can be viewed as one side of a discourse with Holland, focusing on the main themes in this area of study. The report will start by characterizing speciesism, including a claim that many individuals are in support of rejecting it, irrespective of the fact that they never fail to sanction what is apparently the obvious effects of rejecting the issue. This paper will relate this failure to the historical views over the interrelations between humans, nature and other animals, which is still depicting wide disparities. This report holds that, while a thorough anti-speciesism values the maxim that ‘humans are an aspect of the natural world’, these dodges will not be present. The paper will reach a conclusion, through a discussion of the consistency of anti-speciesist’s resolu tion of the rewilding nature. The points explained through the paper include that under the issue of predation and eating meat, a guardian farmer of a domesticated animal holds the right to slaughter it for meat or trade it for money and the goodness of humans as compared to the cruelty of the wild, bestows extra rights on the human than the animal. Thirdly, when using the case of rewilding nature, man holds more rights to animals due to the services they offer to the natural world and animals (Signal and Taylor 147-157). Under speciesism and the view on the rights of animals, many people in today’s world will regard that animals hold rights. This is evident from popular parlance, informal polls and recent legislation. In jurisdictions like California, Colorado, Boulder and Berkeley, people are not viewed as the owners of pets, but instead, they are viewed as the guardians to their animal companions (AMVA). During the mid 1990s, the NORC (National Opinion Research Center) at the University of Chicago questioned a sample representing the American population, whether they were in agreement with this statement: â€Å"animals should hold the moral rights that humans have†. From the surveys, 35% of the respondent in one survey and 39% in the second were in agreement or strongly in agreement with the statement (Regan 205-211). The results from the survey could understate the universal sentiments held about animals, because not all anti-vivisectionists and vegetarians hold that animals posses rights. Further, it is not that all the people that regard animals have rights, view that they hold as much rights as human beings. For example, it is a fact that humans and all species of animals posses similar moral rights. For instance, humans hold the right to engage in their religious practices, and eagles hold the right to fly in the sky, but humans do not hold the right to flight, and neither do eagles hold rights to religious practices. The comparison shows that in the case that a given entity hold certain rights, the rights are linked to the capacity of the given entity. For example, only the creatures that can engage in religious practices hold the rights to practice religion, and only the creatures that can fly hold the right to flight. However, it is not that all capacities are linked to a given area of rights, for example, considering that humans hold the capacity to murder, but they do not hold the r

Online Business and E-Commerce Services in Libya as a developing Literature review

Online Business and E-Commerce Services in Libya as a developing country - Literature review Example Before E-Commerce can be adopted on a wide scale, however, there are many obstacles to be overcome. This chapter reviews the literature in terms of issues to be considered when planning the expansion of online business and e-commerce services in a developing country. The introductory section looks at definitions of e-commerce and theories as they apply to developing countries. Section 2.2. is wide-ranging and covers a selection of the large number of empirical studies conducted in different developing countries across the world. After this (Section 2.3) there is a consideration of previous work done on the readiness of society to accept and use e-commerce within developing countries with Arabic language and culture. Finally the literature on e-commerce potential in Libya is reviewed, including any specific challenges facing this particular context. The term â€Å"e-commerce† emerged in the late twentieth century with the increasing use of computers in everyday life. It can be defined very simply as â€Å"goods and services transacted over Internet† (Purohit and Purohit, 2005, p. 8) A more expansive definition is the following: â€Å"the sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting business transactions through telecommunications networks† (Zwass, 1996 and 2003, p. 8) This definition emphasises the importance of all the links in the chain from supplier to business and to customer. Zwass is keen to point out that it is not simply a matter of customers and businesses being linked through the World Wide Web by means of computers, but in fact it is a phenomenon that requires radically different organisational developments behind the scenes, involving both telecommunications and computers: â€Å"The most important of these are interorganizational information systems, standa rds for exchanging business documents, such as electronic data interchange (EDI), distributed database management systems, and collaboration technology.† (Zwass, 2003, p. 9) All of these dimensions are widely available in the developed world, and research in improving them, increasing innovation and leveraging more efficiency and profits from their use is continuing at a fast pace. Current interest in newer technologies such as digital signatures is growing but their usefulness in developing countries is questionable, since most transactions there depend on longstanding company to company relationships and there is a reluctance to enter into B2b relationships with people who are not familiar. (Humphrey et al, 2003, p. i) The phenomenal success of huge global retailers such as eBay and Amazon have demonstrated the value in creating flexible market places, with standard pricing, auctions and customer participation in both buying and selling as part of the whole business culture. One meta-analysis of articles on the adoption of online shopping cited the dot com bubble and the sudden crisis that occurred there as a reason why the early promise of huge growth in online business did not quite occur in the way that was originally predicted. (Chang et al., 2004) but all the signs are that these teething problems have been dealt with, and E-Commerce is